WAYS OF KNOWING
INFORMAL LOGIC

 

 

Michael Palin:  An argument isn't just contradiction.
John Cleese:    It can be.
Michael Palin:  No it can't. An argument is a connected series of statements intended to establish a proposition.
John Cleese:   No it isn't.
Michael Palin:  Yes it is! It's not just contradiction.
John Cleese:   Look, if I argue with you, I must take up a contrary position.
Michael Palin:  Yes, but that's not just saying 'No it isn't.'
John Cleese:   Yes it is!
Michael Palin:   No it isn't!
John Cleese:   Yes it is!
Michael Palin:  Argument is an intellectual process. Contradiction is just the automatic gainsaying of any statement the other person makes.

(short pause)

John Cleese:  No it isn't...

 

Selection from Monty Python’s Flying Circus (1972) The Argument Sketch.

Leonard Nimoy as Spock in a still shot from Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan
INFORMAL FALLACIES

Famous examples of fallacious reasoning include: appeals to authority, common practice, fear, ridicule and emotion.
Other set-piece opportunities for erroneous argument include: bare assertion, begging the question, confusing cause and effect, equivocation, false analogy, false dichotomy, fallacy, middle ground, naturalistic, poisoning the well, reification, slippery slope, special pleading, straw man and tautology.