
The therapeutic philosophy of the later Wittgenstein scorned definitions and generalizations. His war cry (PI: 66) was “Don't think but look” at particular cases. Wittgenstein (PI: 43) urges us to look to the use rather than the definition:
For a large class of cases—though not for all—in which we employ the word ‘meaning’ it can be defined thus: the meaning of a word is its use in the language.
This sentiment had surfaced earlier and was captured in The Blue and Brown Books (BB: 4):
[I]f we had to name anything which is the life of the sign, we should have to say that it was its use.
Wittgenstein, Ludwig (1963) Philosophical Investigations. Translated by G.E.M. Anscombe. Blackwell, Oxford.
Wittgenstein, Ludwig (1969) The Blue and Brown Books. Blackwell, Oxford.
Wittgenstein’s introduction to the notion of “family resemblances” (PI: 66-67) is worth quoting in full:
Consider for example the proceedings that we call “games” I mean board-games, card-games, ball-games, Olympic games, and so on. What is common to them all? —Don't say: “There must be something common, or they would not be called ‘games’” —but look and see whether there is anything common to all. —For if you look at them you will not see something that is common to all, but similarities, relationships, and a whole series of them at that. To repeat: don’t think, but look!
Look for example at board-games, with their multifarious relationships. Now pass to card-games; here you find many correspondences with the first group, but many common features drop out, and others appear. When we pass next to ball-games, much that is common is retained, but much is lost. —Are they all ‘amusing’? Compare chess with noughts and crosses. Or is there always winning and losing, or competition between players? Think of patience. In ball games there is winning and losing; but when a child throws his ball at the wall and catches it again, this feature has disappeared. Look at the parts played by skill and luck; and at the difference between skill in chess and skill in tennis.
Think now of games like ring-a-ring-a-roses; here is the element of amusement, but how many other characteristic features have disappeared!
Wittgenstein, Ludwig (1963) Philosophical Investigations. Translated by G.E.M. Anscombe. Blackwell, Oxford.
LUDWIG WITTGENSTEIN Austrian Philosopher [1889-1951]
